This past semester at BYU I wrote a paper for my Philosophy of Religion class. The topic was "The problem of evil and suffering," and we were to make an argument either for or against the evidence for the existence of a god. My professor left the following comment after grading it:
One that does not face Auschwitz in some form during one’s life effectively cannot grow in the same way that one that has can...the personal insight and growth from it ends up being priceless. God wants us to face both the real Auschwitz, the ultimate product of human evil, and our own personal trials, for he wants us to be absolutely convinced of what the correct life must be in the eternities. Not everyone has to live in Auschwitz to understand its horror, and not everyone has to experience every Auschwitz for oneself—thank goodness—for we can and do learn from others. Thanks for your willingness to share your personal insight with me.
He was very kind, but I'd like to know what you of the mohosphere think, if you're so inclined to read this long paper. I apologize beforehand for mixing MLA and APA citation formats. Anyway, the paper:
PHIL 215
1 April 2014
The
Problem of Evil and Suffering in the Context of Same-Gender Attraction
Victor E. Frankl, a survivor of the
Nazi concentration camps and a pioneering psychiatrist, wrote Man’s Search for Meaning
to explain his views of the typical characteristics of an inmate of the
concentration camps: the hope and hopelessness, and the choice to become more
than the external situation. His autobiography and explanation of Logotherapy
provide insight into:
1. a unique
perspective on human psychology,
2. the relevance of that perspective to
psychological topics of import to people of faith, and
3. potential therapeutic usefulness of that
perspective.
We will review these three areas based
on Frankl’s Man’s Search for Meaning
and discuss how they relate to the topic of evil and suffering in same-gender
attraction.
Some have vehemently expressed the
opinion that comparing today’s homosexuals to holocaust victims is
a false analogy: that civil and social persecution currently faced by many
homosexuals is not comparable to the mass genocide effected by Nazism; however,
in so doing they risk committing the fallacy of relative privation and trivializing
the real persecutions and internal psychological struggles that do take place. My purpose here is not to assess the
strengths of these opposing arguments, but rather I will relate some personal
experiences and experiences of others in coming to terms with same-gender
attraction and examine how Frankl’s Logotherapy techniques can help one
reconcile faith and feelings. This necessarily invites discussion on the
evidence of the existence of a God
and whether evil and suffering are necessary, and we will examine what influential philosophers
have to say about the subject.
A Unique Perspective on Human Psychology
Frankl’s unique
perspective is marked by the idea that life is not an
entity that starts whole and complete, examining what one has lost, but rather
an entity that begins with nothing, examining what one has that keeps one going; essentially, it is filled with and revolves about a
will to meaning, as opposed to Freud’s
proposed will to pleasure and Adler’s
will to power (Frankl 99). This is reminiscent of British theologian John Hick’s
argument that suffering exists “in
order that human beings, as free responsible agents, may use this world as a
place of ‘soul
making,’
which
involves the spiritual perfection of our character and persons”
(Pojman
74).
Frankl illustrates this will to
meaning by recounting his experience in the Nazi concentration camps, where
prisoners’ psychological reactions occurred in
three stages: shock, apathy, and post-liberation doubt (Frankl 8). Frankl’s analysis is given with a disclaimer:
that it is difficult for an analyst as a prisoner to remain an outsider,
objective, detached, and to refrain from giving personal bias when going
through the personal challenges he did (6). Thus his perspective is truly
unique: he had the very opportunity to live the
theory that he taught to others, having been a psychologist before his
internment. Frankl relates that various defense mechanisms were created to
survive; for example: humor was a weapon in self-preservation (43); striking
out one’s whole former life was necessary
(14), for one could have been a president of a large bank before and assigned
as camp police during his imprisonment—a complete loss of the sense of self
(63); and depersonalization was required (88)—being
desensitized, with emotional detachment and being past feeling due to exposure
(22)—to
press on. Thus those prisoners who found a meaning of life—not
concluding that they expected nothing more out of life, but rather pondering
what life yet expects from them, through right actions and conduct (77)—those
prisoners were more likely to survive. Those that did survive reached the third
stage: the psychology of liberation (84). They faced both bitterness and disillusionment (91) in their
attempt to return to a “normal”
life.
Amidst all of these troubles and suffering, Frankl explains, everyone’s behavior was oriented toward
survival; nothing was done if it did not aid in survival chances. As we see in
his narrative, religion and spirituality—call it luck or miracles (6)—were
highly prevalent.
My own experience of same-gender
attraction and those of some of my friends are similar to this process: shock that our
feelings are the definition of same-gender attraction and the associated label ‘gay’,
loss of sense-of-self, and a sense of liberation accompanied by some
disillusionment after coming out. Until recently, society continuously painted
an image of those who are gay: lustful, sexually deviant, speedo-wearing,
rainbow-flag-waving, pride-parade-marching men. I certainly am not like that,
so it made identifying as gay very difficult. It creates in mind the false
dilemma described in the suicide note left by Stuart Matis, a gay member of the
LDS church:
I was convinced that my desire to change my sexual identity
was a divinely inspired desire. As it turns out, God never intended my
orientation to change in this lifetime. I had engaged my mind in a false
dilemma: either one is gay or one is Christian. As I believed that I was a
Christian, I believed that I could never be gay. (Matis 378)
After the shock, I began dealing
with this
false dilemma;
I was confused about myself. Clearly God allowed this to happen—whether it occurred by his action or his inaction wasn’t important to me: I had to deal with
it, and it wasn’t going away. Like many, I went
through a phase of trying to “pray the gay away”
through
excellence in church service and increased piety. When that didn’t
work, I had doubts of my purpose in life—much like those prisoners that lost
their purpose to live. If God sent us here to multiply and replenish the earth—giving
humans sexual urges and desires as a motive for the responsibility for parenthood—then
what purpose do my sexual desires serve? Love is an expression of commitment
and altruism, of concern for another person. Am I capable of loving someone of
my same gender that way? Clearly society’s
portrayed image of promiscuous, noncommittal gay men suggests that gays are not
capable of this love, but I have felt a non-sexual, emotional connection to other men before, and it was
healthier than remaining in a cyclic, depressive, and anxious state of
mind. Even those of Christian faith concede that “it
is not good that the man should be alone” (The
Holy Bible, Gen. 2:18). One might validly argue, then, that while
homosexual activity is immoral, there can be a healthy element to a same-gender,
non-sexual relationship that is more than friendship.
As I reconciled this false dilemma,
I decided to come out publicly, as a statement of principle and a voice of hope.
One can be a Christian and gay. I soon enjoyed the feeling of liberation; however,
it was accompanied by hostility from both the non-religious gay community and
the uninformed Mormon community. The argument of the gay community was that I
should be true to who I am, that I should live what William James calls
Pragmatism: having a set of beliefs that are only useful—and
if not useful, then they are not true (Cook 6). The argument of the uninformed
Mormon community was that same-gender attraction was a sin and could be
changed, that I should change,
and, if not, then I should be quiet about it and keep it
inside. I was even released from my calling as Executive Secretary for having come out publicly;
although I’m
temple-worthy and hold and use a recommend, some people just don’t
want to talk about it or get informed, and they’d
rather not have me in a position that could be mistaken as a spokesman for an
LDS bishopric.
While this was a mild expression of
suppression, the attitudes of many other people today toward gays echo the
attitudes of many who participated in the execution of the holocaust: no matter
the cause of the people being Jewish, they should be treated as a minority,
ostracized, humiliated, and silenced. This makes it difficult for many gays to
try and live a “normal”
and
emotionally healthy life after coming out, as it was difficult for many
internment camp survivors to readjust to a “normal”
life
after liberation.
The
Relevance of Frankl’s Perspective to Psychological Topics
of Import
for
People of Faith
Despite people’s only behavior being that which aided
in survival, religious services were still held privately among the prisoners
(Frankl 34). This suggests that,
in suffering, man together with God yields greater chances of survival: thus
many prisoners developed a deeper sense of spirituality (36). Possibly the
greatest point of Frankl’s
perspective that has relevance to people of faith is that, no matter the circumstances, a human always has the right
to overcome apathy and suppress irritability (65). Life is not complete without
suffering and death—for those difficult circumstances
provide an opportunity for choice. Often, it was futile for the prisoners to
imagine a future goal to live for—their chances of survival were very
low; Frankl thus proclaims that when the end is uncertain, we cease living for
future goals, and life rather becomes a test of principles, of morals (70): we
can always choose to rise above current sufferings and view them as if already
in the past (73). The agency is always present: it may not be in the form of
choosing circumstances, but it is always inherently present in the form of choosing
how to respond to those circumstances—choosing the right conduct and actions
based on correct principles.
My testimony of the Mormon doctrine
of salvation and becoming like God through earthly
trials and experiences has pulled me
through this difficult experience of same-gender attraction. If God knows what
trials are going to make me stretch and grow toward godhood the most, I will
trust Him. Like the internment camp prisoners, I have gained a deepened
spirituality and a closer relationship with God. I have had personal
experiences so sacred that they are sufficient evidence to me for the existence
of a loving, caring God. He doesn’t always hold my hand through trials,
but he does work to set up safety nets all around, even ones that I’m
not aware of until much later. I have used techniques that Frankl describes to
get through my difficult days. One such technique is Logotherapy, which Frankl
developed as a potential therapeutic tool.
Potential
Therapeutic Usefulness of Logotherapy
Frankl’s Logotherapy focuses on the
reorientation of a patient toward a meaning of life (98) and the future to be
fulfilled by the patient (98)—not by telling the patient what to do
but by helping them find their own purpose in life (103). Frankl defines
tension as a necessary component of mental health: the tension that is between
what one
is and what one is to become (104). Problems with depression,
addiction, and mental status many times come from the boredom that results from
a lack of this tension, a lack called an existential vacuum (107-8).
Logotherapy aims to help a patient see that his actions now are a second
chance, and the first time he did the wrong thing—the
past is correctable, the present a chance to do it right (109). It is therefore
up to the patient to “decide whether to be responsible to
society or to his own conscience” (110).
Frankl’s unique view of suffering is also of
therapeutic importance. He claims that each moment of suffering is a chance to
turn personal tragedy into triumph (112) and that suffering “ceases
to be suffering at the moment it finds a meaning” (113). How can suffering provide
meaning? Once again, when life circumstances have taken away the vision of the future,
living in the very moment becomes a test of decisions of right versus wrong
actions—a
test of personal integrity and meaning in one’s own life. Logotherapy aids the
patient in viewing his life from a different perspective, say, as if from the
deathbed (117); such viewpoint provides relief (120). Another tool in
Logotherapy is called paradoxical intention—effective in treating obsessive
compulsive and phobic conditions (127). It helps patients understand that the
human being has not freedom from conditions, but freedom to take a stand toward
conditions (130). It hones in on the “human capacity to creatively turn life’s negative aspects into something
positive or constructive” (137).
Frankl conclusively states that if
suffering is unavoidable, it can provide meaning, hastily adding that suffering
is not necessary for meaning, but it can provide meaning (147). His therapy is
useful because it helps people focus on both the possibilities of the future—thus
providing hope—and
the realities of the past—thus providing solace in a life
fulfilled (151). This technique has helped me in the moments of heartache;
there are days when I want companionship incredibly. There is often an internal
tension caused by the difference in what I know to be correct based on my
religious beliefs and what I so deeply desire.
Tension also exists in the idea that
procreative powers are God-given and that the attractions we as humans are
given are inherently good for the execution of the Plan of Salvation, but what
about my same-gender attraction? Should I consider it a good, God-given blessing when it goes
directly against the goal of the Plan of Salvation? When a young man and a
young woman fall in love in the church, they are admired by all around them but
told “not
yet; go get married,” and once they are married, they are
looked upon proudly. When a young man and another young man fall in love in the
church, it is generally and
immediately looked upon as sinful, lustful, and non-committal; they are told to
separate, and they are often reported for church discipline, even if they have
abided by the same law of chastity and the same commandments as everyone else
in the church. The fact is that sexuality is a difficult topic for everyone,
but for most people sexual expression and activity is permitted after a period
of waiting for marriage. For gays in the church, it is expected that we never,
ever give heed to those feelings—no hope exists for some future day
where we fully express our love to a significant other that we are attracted to
in this life. The Mormon argument is that there is hope for the life after this—that no blessings, including an
eternal companion, will be denied those who remain faithful until the end,
however uncomfortable the experience may be. This discomfort is not specific to
homosexuality, for sexuality is a difficult topic for everyone.
Evil and suffering are rarely a
trivial, black-and-white issue. Most people would agree that the holocaust was
wrong, but good things came out of it too, such as Frankl’s
life work. If we attribute this good to God, must we necessarily attribute the
associated evil and suffering to God as well? If I could choose to live my life
a second time, would I choose to be gay again? No. Would I choose to not have
passed through this experience in this first life? No, for I have learned many
valuable lessons about myself, about God, and about my willingness to follow
Him. In my experience, Frankl’s unique perspective on human
psychology and the relevance of that perspective to people of faith do help us
surmount the evil and suffering present in the world. His technique of
Logotherapy helps me reconcile my faith and feelings. For me, the evidence for
the existence of a God is overwhelming—not despite my experience of same-gender
attraction but because of it.
Works
Cited
Cook, Roger. James and Pragmatism
Winter 2011. Unpublished PowerPoint Presentation.
Frankl, Viktor E. Man's Search for
Meaning : An Introduction to Logotherapy. 4th ed.
Cutchogue, N.Y.: Buccaneer Books, 1992. Print.
Matis, Fred, Marilyn Matis, and Ty
Mansfield. In Quiet Desperation: Understanding the
Challenge
of Same-gender Attraction. Salt Lake City,
UT: Deseret Book, 2004.
Kindle file.
Pojman, Louis P. Philosophy
of Religion: An Anthology. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Pub.
Co., 1987. Print.
The Holy Bible. Authorized King James
Version, Translated out of the Original Greek, and
with the
Former Translations Diligently Compared and Revised, by His
Majesty's Special Command.
American Fork, UT: Covenant Communications,
2006. Print.
